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key definitions pi and sigma bonds kekule vs delocalised models evidence that disproved of Kekule’s model naming aromatic compounds nitration of benzene mechanism halogenation of benzene mechanism alkylation of benzene mechanism acylation of benzene mechanism phenol and benzene Reactions based on acidity of phenol directing groups EXTRA: solved exam style questions

Lattice enthalpy Born-Haber energy cycles Electron affinities Enthalpy changes worked examples Factors affecting lattice enthalpy (size and charge) Factors affecting hydration (size and charge) Predicting solubility Enthropy predicting changes Gibb’s free energy conditions for feasibility

20.1 Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases 20.2 pH scale 20.3 dissociation constant Ka 20.4 pH of weak acids 20.5 pH EXTRA: Ka expressions

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Boiling point and solubility: CHEMICAL REACTIONS: Preparation of haloalkanes Alkane + halogen under UV light Alkene + Hydrogen Halide (addition) Alcohol + Sodium Halide and H2SO4 (substitution) Hydrolysis MEASURING THE RATE OF HYDROLISIS

physical properties bonding boiling point and solubility classification into primary, tertiary and secondary chemical reactions (combustion, oxidation, dehydration, substitution) EXTRA: Exam style questions

physical properties bonding E/Z stereoisomerism boiling point chemical reactions reactivity electrophillic addition mechanism hydrogenation mechanism halogenation mechanism hydrogen-halide mechanism hydration mechanism polymerisation reactions uses of polymers recycling of polymers

physical properties bonding shape boiling point chemical reactions; reactivity; combustion and halogenation mechanism

Enthalpy changes Exothermic and endothermic reactions Activation energies Standard enthalpy changes of reaction, formation, combustion, neutralisation core practical worked examples

-Redox -Trend in Group 2 – Alkaline Earth metals -Trend in Group 7 – Halogens -Qualitative analysis

-Ionisation energies Trends in ionisation energy down the group/across a period Periodic trends in structure and bonding Metallic bonding Graphite and graphene, dimond

-Relative Atomic Mass (RAM) Relative Isotopic Mass (RIM) Molecular formula Empirical formula Water of crystallisation Amount of substance Ideal gas equation Percentage yield Atom economy Titrations intro Polyatomic ions Bonding and structure Shapes of molecules Exam techniques- most common qns.

Proteins and Carbohydrates comparison table (A-level notes for OCR)

-Structure properties hydrolysis/condensation reactions

the process of transcription and translation explained in a student-friendly way

-semi-conservative replication role of enzymes in replication genetic code codon table

-nucleotides and nucleic acids -deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA, purines and pyrimidines) double helix base pairing rules ribonucleic acid (RNA, purines, pyrimidines)

-types (structural, catalytic, signalling, immunological) globular conjugated fibrous

-amino-acids -synthesis of peptides -levels of protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary with examples) breakdown of lipids

A-level notes on lipids: Saturated vs Unsaturated Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroles Roles of lipids Testing for lipids