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Learning about parallax is important because it provides a fundamental method for measuring distances to nearby stars, forming the basis for understanding the universe’s scale. By observing a star’s apparent shift from different points in Earth’s orbit, astronomers can calculate its distance accurately and calibrate other distance-measuring methods. This technique helps refine stellar models, map our galaxy’s structure, and understand celestial dynamics, ultimately building a precise framework for the universe’s scale and relationships between stars and galaxies. Let’s learn about it together with this amazing resource! The research project template provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an project template with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. It gives a rich and supportive framework that can be tweaked as needed for students to support differentiation. Each research project template includes space for a one paragraph summary (that may or may not link to the 2 page science article also available on this topic). Students should produce a mathematical connection, an engineering / technology connection, 2 interesting facts / stats. Further there are 5 glossary terms they should fill in with their own words and 3 thought provoking questions (ie: critical thinking questions) they must answer. Finally, each template has 3 alternative thought provoking questions for younger students and 3 other alternative harder questions to extend high flying or older students. Giving you a total of 9 possible thought provoking questions that could be used with students to enhance their research and critical thinking. The template is some of my best work and I am proud to share it with you. The science article provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an article with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. I am very proud of this series of science articles and they are rich with information and wonder at the majesty of science. Each science article includes a fun fact(s) to add to the knowledge gained from this article. Formatted in an easy to read and digest manner, each paragraph is numbered to help with referencing and each question answer has a paragraph reference number to point to the specific information (where applicable). WHY / WHEN TO USE: Useful for substitute (sub) teaching To extend students To increase scientific literacy and research skills in your class Great as a lesson filler when class goes too fast and you need a long running task To inspire students on a particular topic As a scaffold to support students who need support on research skills and can use a framework To enhance critical thinking when doing research and making a relevant and interesting output Give a selection of these research project templates for students to choose from To enhance students ability to express ideas and synthesis knowledge To increase scientific literacy in your class A weekly reading / research task WHAT’S INCLUDED: Research Project Template 7 page Word doc teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 7 page PDF teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page PDF student version with space to fill in answers 1 - 20 point rubric in both PDF and word form for self and teacher marking. Science Article 3 page Word doc teacher version with answers 2 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 3 page PDF teacher version with answers 2 page PDF student version without answers (but space left to do so) More will be coming to cover other subjects and other topics, so please do keep an eye out for more science articles from The Teaching Astrophysicist! If you have any questions, please feel to DM me on instagram @theteachingastrophysicist Let’s Connect! - All under the handle - The Teaching Astrophysicist Be sure to follow my: ★ Blog ★ Instagram ★ Linkedin ★ Pinterest

Learning about standard candles is important because they are essential for measuring cosmic distances and understanding the universe’s scale and expansion. With known intrinsic brightness, standard candles like Type Ia supernovae and Cepheid variables allow astronomers to map the universe, refine the Hubble constant, and study cosmic expansion. This knowledge helps scientists explore the universe’s size, age, dark energy, and galaxy evolution, advancing our understanding of cosmology and the universe’s fundamental workings. Let’s learn about it together with this amazing resource! The research project template provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an project template with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. It gives a rich and supportive framework that can be tweaked as needed for students to support differentiation. Each research project template includes space for a one paragraph summary (that may or may not link to the 2 page science article also available on this topic). Students should produce a mathematical connection, an engineering / technology connection, 2 interesting facts / stats. Further there are 5 glossary terms they should fill in with their own words and 3 thought provoking questions (ie: critical thinking questions) they must answer. Finally, each template has 3 alternative thought provoking questions for younger students and 3 other alternative harder questions to extend high flying or older students. Giving you a total of 9 possible thought provoking questions that could be used with students to enhance their research and critical thinking. The template is some of my best work and I am proud to share it with you. The science article provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an article with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. I am very proud of this series of science articles and they are rich with information and wonder at the majesty of science. Each science article includes a fun fact(s) to add to the knowledge gained from this article. Formatted in an easy to read and digest manner, each paragraph is numbered to help with referencing and each question answer has a paragraph reference number to point to the specific information (where applicable). WHY / WHEN TO USE: Useful for substitute (sub) teaching To extend students To increase scientific literacy and research skills in your class Great as a lesson filler when class goes too fast and you need a long running task To inspire students on a particular topic As a scaffold to support students who need support on research skills and can use a framework To enhance critical thinking when doing research and making a relevant and interesting output Give a selection of these research project templates for students to choose from To enhance students ability to express ideas and synthesis knowledge To increase scientific literacy in your class A weekly reading / research task WHAT’S INCLUDED: Research Project Template 7 page Word doc teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 7 page PDF teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page PDF student version with space to fill in answers 1 - 20 point rubric in both PDF and word form for self and teacher marking. Science Article 3 page Word doc teacher version with answers 2 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 3 page PDF teacher version with answers 2 page PDF student version without answers (but space left to do so) More will be coming to cover other subjects and other topics, so please do keep an eye out for more science articles from The Teaching Astrophysicist! If you have any questions, please feel to DM me on instagram @theteachingastrophysicist Let’s Connect! - All under the handle - The Teaching Astrophysicist Be sure to follow my: ★ Blog ★ Instagram ★ Linkedin ★ Pinterest

Learning about the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation is important because it provides a snapshot of the early universe, offering key insights into its origin, structure, and evolution. As residual radiation from the Big Bang, the CMB reveals conditions from 380,000 years after the universe’s birth, helping scientists understand matter distribution, galaxy formation, and test cosmological models like the Big Bang and inflation. Studying the CMB advances our knowledge of fundamental physics, the origins of the cosmos, and the forces shaping its past and future. Let’s learn about it together. The research project template provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an project template with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. It gives a rich and supportive framework that can be tweaked as needed for students to support differentiation. Each research project template includes space for a one paragraph summary (that may or may not link to the 2 page science article also available on this topic). Students should produce a mathematical connection, an engineering / technology connection, 2 interesting facts / stats. Further there are 5 glossary terms they should fill in with their own words and 3 thought provoking questions (ie: critical thinking questions) they must answer. Finally, each template has 3 alternative thought provoking questions for younger students and 3 other alternative harder questions to extend high flying or older students. Giving you a total of 9 possible thought provoking questions that could be used with students to enhance their research and critical thinking. The template is some of my best work and I am proud to share it with you. The science article provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an article with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. I am very proud of this series of science articles and they are rich with information and wonder at the majesty of science. Each science article includes a fun fact(s) to add to the knowledge gained from this article. Formatted in an easy to read and digest manner, each paragraph is numbered to help with referencing and each question answer has a paragraph reference number to point to the specific information (where applicable). WHY / WHEN TO USE: Useful for substitute (sub) teaching To extend students To increase scientific literacy and research skills in your class Great as a lesson filler when class goes too fast and you need a long running task To inspire students on a particular topic As a scaffold to support students who need support on research skills and can use a framework To enhance critical thinking when doing research and making a relevant and interesting output Give a selection of these research project templates for students to choose from To enhance students ability to express ideas and synthesis knowledge To increase scientific literacy in your class A weekly reading / research task WHAT’S INCLUDED: Research Project Template 7 page Word doc teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 7 page PDF teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page PDF student version with space to fill in answers 1 - 20 point rubric in both PDF and word form for self and teacher marking. Science Article 3 page Word doc teacher version with answers 2 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 3 page PDF teacher version with answers 2 page PDF student version without answers (but space left to do so) More will be coming to cover other subjects and other topics, so please do keep an eye out for more science articles from The Teaching Astrophysicist! If you have any questions, please feel to DM me on instagram @theteachingastrophysicist Let’s Connect! - All under the handle - The Teaching Astrophysicist Be sure to follow my: ★ Blog ★ Instagram ★ Linkedin ★ Pinterest

Learning about redshift and blueshift is important because they are fundamental astrophysical concepts that help us understand the motion, distance, and behavior of celestial objects; redshift indicates objects moving away from us, supporting evidence for the universe’s expansion and theories like the Big Bang, while blueshift indicates objects moving closer; studying these phenomena allows scientists to measure how fast galaxies recede, map the large-scale structure of the cosmos, and test theories of gravity and cosmology, thereby deepening our understanding of the universe’s origins, evolution, and fundamental physical laws. Let’s learn about it together. The research project template provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an project template with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. It gives a rich and supportive framework that can be tweaked as needed for students to support differentiation. Each research project template includes space for a one paragraph summary (that may or may not link to the 2 page science article also available on this topic). Students should produce a mathematical connection, an engineering / technology connection, 2 interesting facts / stats. Further there are 5 glossary terms they should fill in with their own words and 3 thought provoking questions (ie: critical thinking questions) they must answer. Finally, each template has 3 alternative thought provoking questions for younger students and 3 other alternative harder questions to extend high flying or older students. Giving you a total of 9 possible thought provoking questions that could be used with students to enhance their research and critical thinking. The template is some of my best work and I am proud to share it with you. The science article provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an article with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. I am very proud of this series of science articles and they are rich with information and wonder at the majesty of science. Each science article includes a fun fact(s) to add to the knowledge gained from this article. Formatted in an easy to read and digest manner, each paragraph is numbered to help with referencing and each question answer has a paragraph reference number to point to the specific information (where applicable). WHY / WHEN TO USE: Useful for substitute (sub) teaching To extend students To increase scientific literacy and research skills in your class Great as a lesson filler when class goes too fast and you need a long running task To inspire students on a particular topic As a scaffold to support students who need support on research skills and can use a framework To enhance critical thinking when doing research and making a relevant and interesting output Give a selection of these research project templates for students to choose from To enhance students ability to express ideas and synthesis knowledge To increase scientific literacy in your class A weekly reading / research task WHAT’S INCLUDED: Research Project Template 7 page Word doc teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 7 page PDF teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page PDF student version with space to fill in answers 1 - 20 point rubric in both PDF and word form for self and teacher marking. Science Article 3 page Word doc teacher version with answers 2 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 3 page PDF teacher version with answers 2 page PDF student version without answers (but space left to do so) More will be coming to cover other subjects and other topics, so please do keep an eye out for more science articles from The Teaching Astrophysicist! If you have any questions, please feel to DM me on instagram @theteachingastrophysicist Let’s Connect! - All under the handle - The Teaching Astrophysicist Be sure to follow my: ★ Blog ★ Instagram ★ Linkedin ★ Pinterest

Learning about dwarf planets is important because it enhances our understanding of the formation and evolution of our solar system and planetary systems in general; dwarf planets like Pluto, Eris, and Ceres offer unique insights into the diversity of celestial bodies, their compositions, and their roles—studying them helps scientists explore processes such as planetary differentiation, atmosphere development, and potential habitability, providing valuable information about the early conditions of the solar system; understanding dwarf planets aids in refining classification criteria for celestial bodies and contributes to advancements in astronomy, planetary science, and astrobiology, ultimately deepening our knowledge of the cosmos and our place within it. Let’s learn together with this resource! The research project template provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an project template with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. It gives a rich and supportive framework that can be tweaked as needed for students to support differentiation. Each research project template includes space for a one paragraph summary (that may or may not link to the 2 page science article also available on this topic). Students should produce a mathematical connection, an engineering / technology connection, 2 interesting facts / stats. Further there are 5 glossary terms they should fill in with their own words and 3 thought provoking questions (ie: critical thinking questions) they must answer. Finally, each template has 3 alternative thought provoking questions for younger students and 3 other alternative harder questions to extend high flying or older students. Giving you a total of 9 possible thought provoking questions that could be used with students to enhance their research and critical thinking. The template is some of my best work and I am proud to share it with you. The science article provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an article with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. I am very proud of this series of science articles and they are rich with information and wonder at the majesty of science. Each science article includes a fun fact(s) to add to the knowledge gained from this article. Formatted in an easy to read and digest manner, each paragraph is numbered to help with referencing and each question answer has a paragraph reference number to point to the specific information (where applicable). WHY / WHEN TO USE: Useful for substitute (sub) teaching To extend students To increase scientific literacy and research skills in your class Great as a lesson filler when class goes too fast and you need a long running task To inspire students on a particular topic As a scaffold to support students who need support on research skills and can use a framework To enhance critical thinking when doing research and making a relevant and interesting output Give a selection of these research project templates for students to choose from To enhance students ability to express ideas and synthesis knowledge To increase scientific literacy in your class A weekly reading / research task WHAT’S INCLUDED: Research Project Template 7 page Word doc teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 7 page PDF teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page PDF student version with space to fill in answers 1 - 20 point rubric in both PDF and word form for self and teacher marking. Science Article 3 page Word doc teacher version with answers 2 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 3 page PDF teacher version with answers 2 page PDF student version without answers (but space left to do so) More will be coming to cover other subjects and other topics, so please do keep an eye out for more science articles from The Teaching Astrophysicist! If you have any questions, please feel to DM me on instagram @theteachingastrophysicist Let’s Connect! - All under the handle - The Teaching Astrophysicist Be sure to follow my: ★ Blog ★ Instagram ★ Linkedin ★ Pinterest

Learning about binary star systems is important because they provide critical insights into stellar evolution, gravitational dynamics, and fundamental physics; by analyzing their orbital motions, astronomers can measure stellar masses and sizes more accurately—essential for refining models of how stars form, live, and die; studying binary systems sheds light on phenomena like mass transfer, the formation of neutron stars and black holes, and the triggering of supernovae, enhances our knowledge of galactic structure and aids in the search for exoplanets, ultimately advancing astrophysics and deepening our comprehension of the universe. Let’s learn about it together. The research project template provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an project template with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. It gives a rich and supportive framework that can be tweaked as needed for students to support differentiation. Each research project template includes space for a one paragraph summary (that may or may not link to the 2 page science article also available on this topic). Students should produce a mathematical connection, an engineering / technology connection, 2 interesting facts / stats. Further there are 5 glossary terms they should fill in with their own words and 3 thought provoking questions (ie: critical thinking questions) they must answer. Finally, each template has 3 alternative thought provoking questions for younger students and 3 other alternative harder questions to extend high flying or older students. Giving you a total of 9 possible thought provoking questions that could be used with students to enhance their research and critical thinking. The template is some of my best work and I am proud to share it with you. The science article provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an article with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. I am very proud of this series of science articles and they are rich with information and wonder at the majesty of science. Each science article includes a fun fact(s) to add to the knowledge gained from this article. Formatted in an easy to read and digest manner, each paragraph is numbered to help with referencing and each question answer has a paragraph reference number to point to the specific information (where applicable). WHY / WHEN TO USE: Useful for substitute (sub) teaching To extend students To increase scientific literacy and research skills in your class Great as a lesson filler when class goes too fast and you need a long running task To inspire students on a particular topic As a scaffold to support students who need support on research skills and can use a framework To enhance critical thinking when doing research and making a relevant and interesting output Give a selection of these research project templates for students to choose from To enhance students ability to express ideas and synthesis knowledge To increase scientific literacy in your class A weekly reading / research task WHAT’S INCLUDED: Research Project Template 7 page Word doc teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 7 page PDF teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page PDF student version with space to fill in answers 1 - 20 point rubric in both PDF and word form for self and teacher marking. Science Article 3 page Word doc teacher version with answers 2 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 3 page PDF teacher version with answers 2 page PDF student version without answers (but space left to do so) More will be coming to cover other subjects and other topics, so please do keep an eye out for more science articles from The Teaching Astrophysicist! If you have any questions, please feel to DM me on instagram @theteachingastrophysicist Let’s Connect! - All under the handle - The Teaching Astrophysicist Be sure to follow my: ★ Blog ★ Instagram ★ Linkedin ★ Pinterest

Learning about satellites is important because they are integral to modern society, enabling global communication, navigation, weather forecasting, and environmental monitoring; by studying satellites, we gain insights into aerospace engineering, telecommunications, and orbital mechanics—essential for technological advancement and innovation; knowledge of satellite technology supports national security, global cooperation, and economic growth in the expanding space industry, ultimately empowering us to better utilize and advance the technologies that connect and inform our world. Let’s learn about it together. The research project template provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an project template with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. It gives a rich and supportive framework that can be tweaked as needed for students to support differentiation. Each research project template includes space for a one paragraph summary (that may or may not link to the 2 page science article also available on this topic). Students should produce a mathematical connection, an engineering / technology connection, 2 interesting facts / stats. Further there are 5 glossary terms they should fill in with their own words and 3 thought provoking questions (ie: critical thinking questions) they must answer. Finally, each template has 3 alternative thought provoking questions for younger students and 3 other alternative harder questions to extend high flying or older students. Giving you a total of 9 possible thought provoking questions that could be used with students to enhance their research and critical thinking. The template is some of my best work and I am proud to share it with you. The science article provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an article with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. I am very proud of this series of science articles and they are rich with information and wonder at the majesty of science. Each science article includes a fun fact(s) to add to the knowledge gained from this article. Formatted in an easy to read and digest manner, each paragraph is numbered to help with referencing and each question answer has a paragraph reference number to point to the specific information (where applicable). WHY / WHEN TO USE: Useful for substitute (sub) teaching To extend students To increase scientific literacy and research skills in your class Great as a lesson filler when class goes too fast and you need a long running task To inspire students on a particular topic As a scaffold to support students who need support on research skills and can use a framework To enhance critical thinking when doing research and making a relevant and interesting output Give a selection of these research project templates for students to choose from To enhance students ability to express ideas and synthesis knowledge To increase scientific literacy in your class A weekly reading / research task WHAT’S INCLUDED: Research Project Template 7 page Word doc teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 7 page PDF teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page PDF student version with space to fill in answers 1 - 20 point rubric in both PDF and word form for self and teacher marking. Science Article 3 page Word doc teacher version with answers 2 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 3 page PDF teacher version with answers 2 page PDF student version without answers (but space left to do so) More will be coming to cover other subjects and other topics, so please do keep an eye out for more science articles from The Teaching Astrophysicist! If you have any questions, please feel to DM me on instagram @theteachingastrophysicist Let’s Connect! - All under the handle - The Teaching Astrophysicist Be sure to follow my: ★ Blog ★ Instagram ★ Linkedin ★ Pinterest

Learning about protostars is important because they represent the earliest stages of star formation, providing crucial insights into how stars and planetary systems originate. By studying protostars, scientists can better understand the processes of gas and dust accumulation, nuclear fusion initiation, and the impact of interstellar environments on stellar evolution. This knowledge enhances our comprehension of the life cycles of stars, the formation of galaxies, and the distribution of elements throughout the universe. Additionally, researching protostars helps refine theoretical models in astrophysics and contributes to advancements in related fields like cosmology and planetary science. Ultimately, understanding protostars deepens our grasp of fundamental cosmic phenomena and the origins of celestial bodies. Let’s learn about it together. The research project template provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an project template with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. It gives a rich and supportive framework that can be tweaked as needed for students to support differentiation. Each research project template includes space for a one paragraph summary (that may or may not link to the 2 page science article also available on this topic). Students should produce a mathematical connection, an engineering / technology connection, 2 interesting facts / stats. Further there are 5 glossary terms they should fill in with their own words and 3 thought provoking questions (ie: critical thinking questions) they must answer. Finally, each template has 3 alternative thought provoking questions for younger students and 3 other alternative harder questions to extend high flying or older students. Giving you a total of 9 possible thought provoking questions that could be used with students to enhance their research and critical thinking. The template is some of my best work and I am proud to share it with you. The science article provides the perfect grab and go, print and provide resource that can supplement lessons. It is an article with questions to check comprehension and inspire scientific thinking. I am very proud of this series of science articles and they are rich with information and wonder at the majesty of science. Each science article includes a fun fact(s) to add to the knowledge gained from this article. Formatted in an easy to read and digest manner, each paragraph is numbered to help with referencing and each question answer has a paragraph reference number to point to the specific information (where applicable). WHY / WHEN TO USE: Useful for substitute (sub) teaching To extend students To increase scientific literacy and research skills in your class Great as a lesson filler when class goes too fast and you need a long running task To inspire students on a particular topic As a scaffold to support students who need support on research skills and can use a framework To enhance critical thinking when doing research and making a relevant and interesting output Give a selection of these research project templates for students to choose from To enhance students ability to express ideas and synthesis knowledge To increase scientific literacy in your class A weekly reading / research task WHAT’S INCLUDED: Research Project Template 7 page Word doc teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 7 page PDF teacher version with supporting appendix items 3 page PDF student version with space to fill in answers 1 - 20 point rubric in both PDF and word form for self and teacher marking. Science Article 3 page Word doc teacher version with answers 2 page Word doc student version with room to fill in answers (text boxes) 3 page PDF teacher version with answers 2 page PDF student version without answers (but space left to do so) More will be coming to cover other subjects and other topics, so please do keep an eye out for more science articles from The Teaching Astrophysicist! If you have any questions, please feel to DM me on instagram @theteachingastrophysicist Let’s Connect! - All under the handle - The Teaching Astrophysicist Be sure to follow my: ★ Blog ★ Instagram ★ Linkedin ★ Pinterest

This Quote of the Day resource contains 35 curated quotes for all middle/high school ages and students will love! There are SO many benefits to telling quotes in the classroom. Quotes can inspire students, bring them to a more reflective, deeper thinking and communicative state and make the classroom a more fun and enjoyable place in general! Get them to reflect, get them to wonder, get them to try and understand the quote and the context in which it comes from. This Joke of the Day resource contains 39 curated jokes for all ages and students will love! There are SO many benefits to telling jokes in the classroom. Joke telling can strengthen vocabulary, help review figurative language, teach multiple word meanings, build social skills, and make the classroom a more fun and enjoyable place in general! This set of resources is Microsoft and PDF items and is the offline version and does not rely on Google Suite. WHAT’S INCLUDED: 35 Unique Curated Quotes 39 Hilarious Relevant Jokes Powerpoint Slides format PDF format mix n match printable Word doc format (and PDF format) POSSIBLE USES: Incorporate into morning meeting routine Use as brain breaks Print out the slides and post or display on the whiteboard daily Use in your daily announcements Get students to reflect, be inspired or consider the quotes modern relevance If you have any questions, please feel to DM me on instagram @theteachingastrophysicist Let’s Connect! Be sure to follow my: ★ Blog ★ Instagram ★ Linkedin ★ Pinterest All under the handle: The Teaching Astrophysicist