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Lesson 01: The Dome of the Rock
The first lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson covers the early Ummayad Dynasty and the Dome of the Rock.
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âThe Dome of the Rock.â Lesson 1/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Eastern Architectures Secular and Religious: From Pre-historic Times to the Early Twentieth Century
The contents of this collection (publication and lectures) are intended to form a brief introduction to the principal cultures of Asia and their buildings. That inevitably involves a great deal of generalization, a lot of simplification â and the reader will have to accept that. But in doing so we are trying to make the subject approachable and intelligible. And to show something of the extraordinary sweep of architecture over one continent in a period of over four and five thousand years. This book will trace the domestic architecture of many regions of Asia and in each area will attempt to show how that relates to the development of the religious buildings of each culture. Overall it examines the question of the genesis of architecture and urbanism as conscious responses to the environment to social conditions and to beliefs and ideologies.
Eastern Architecture is a collection of lectures given by Professor Ron Lewcock at the School of Architecture, University of Queensland, Australia. The lectures were organised Dr. Pedro Guedes.
The Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) Education Programme is grateful to the School of Architecture at the University of Queensland, Australia, and to Professor Ron Lewcock for having authorized the posting on Archnet of these 12 lectures. The lectures were filmed by Hana Broughton and edited by Dr. Pedro Guedes. The lectures are accompanied here by a guidebook co-edited in 2019 by Prof. Lewcock and Dr. Pedro Guedes. AKTC wishes to thank Dr. Guedes for having facilitated the sharing of this high-quality Creative Commons educational resource, which can be accessed on the University of Queensland platform
In this collection:
Eastern Architectures Secular and Religious: From Pre-historic Times to the Early Twentieth Century
Pre-historic Asia (2 parts)
Southeast Asia Transoceanic Influences
Hindu Temples and Houses
Buddhist Temples and Houses
China (2 parts)
Japan
Korea
Korea, Japan, and the Islamic World Part 1
The Islamic World Part 2
The Islamic City (2 parts)

Lesson 03: The Great Mosque at CĂłrdoba and Umayyad Spain
The third lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson covers the late Ummayad Dynasty in Spain and the Great Mosque of Cordoba.
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âThe Great Mosque at CĂłrdoba and Umayyad Spain.â Lesson 3/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lesson 04: Architecture of Exile The Umayyads of Spain
The fourth lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson looks comparatively at the Mosque of CĂłrdoba in relation to near contemporary prototypes in terms of morphology (building components: domes, arcades, different kinds of roofing), plan, construction techniques, and decoration. Second, this lesson will discuss Al-Hakam IIâs refurbishment from 962 to 969 and the ways that they assert an ideology of Umayyad victory. Third, the palace at Madinat al-Zahra was built 3 miles outside of CĂłrdoba as the new administrative and royal seat of the Umayyad caliph.
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âArchitecture of Exile The Umayyads of Spain.â Lesson 4/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lesson 06: Architecture of Empire The Abbasids
The sixth lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson covers the Abbasid Dynasty and architecture in Baghdad, Samarra and the Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo.
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âArchitecture of Empire The Abbasids.â Lesson 6/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lesson 07: Fatimid Cairo
The seventh lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson looks at the city of Fatimid Cairo, the first 50 years of Fatimid rule in North Africa and the growth of Cairo from its inception in 969 through the mid-11th century. It will discuss the urban form as it relates to shifts in ceremonial practices and planned conversion of the Sunni population.
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âFatimid Cairo.â Lesson 7/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lesson 10: The Seljuks and New Frontiers in Anatolia and India
The tenth lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson explores cultural connections and interactions between the two new frontiers of Islam, namely Anatolia and India, through the newly emerging architectural styles, forms and decorative programs in both regions.
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âThe Seljuks and New Frontiers in Anatolia and India.â Lesson 10/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lesson 11: Between Portable and Permanent Architecture
The eleventh lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson will explore how new kinds of cities and palaces developed under the Mongols to reflect forms of cultural and artistic adaptations and assimilations.
These adaptations were driven by Mongol lifestyle which was nomadic, and the sedentary territories over which they ruled.
What were the effects of adapting to aspects of sedentary culture? How did this relate to changes in artistic and architectural practices?
How do we define permanent and portable architecture? How do these differences relate to nomadic and sedentary lifestyles?
Another part of what we will focus on today involves the very close connections that are established between Qubilai Khan, the Great Khan of China and Mongolia, and the lands of Greater Iran ruled over by the Ilkhanid dynasty founded by HĂŒlegĂŒ, Qubilai Khanâs brother.
How does urban planning in contemporary China compare and contrast with Iran?
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âBetween Portable and Permanent Architecture.â Lesson 11/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lesson 12: Timurid Cities in Iran and Central Asia
The twelfth lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson explores a dialogue between soft and hard architecture, between an architecture that is portable, ephemeral and essentially nomadic in nature, and its intersection with sedentary forms of architecture that were mostly permanent and fixed.
What exchanges occurred between temporary and permanent architecture?
How do ceramic tiles reflect the impact of portable architecture?
In Timurid Samarqand, we will explore a slightly different process of assimilation than that of the Ilkhanid projects, which primarily functioned as translation from the nomadic to sedentary. Rather, we will investigate how Timur and the nomadic tribes of Central Asia, who were already deeply familiar with the traditions of sedentary Islam, accumulated and redirected diverse cultural and aesthetic traditions.
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âTimurid Cities in Iran and Central Asia.â Lesson 12/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lesson 13: The Alhambra
The thirteenth lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson explores the modern history of the Alhambra and the changing functions of the site.
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âThe Alhambra.â Lesson 13/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lessons 15-16: The Madrasa-Mosque Complex of Sultan Hasan and Mamluk Charitable Endowments
The fifteenth and sixteenth lessons in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. Th lessons explores the ways in which the Mamluks inscribed their political power and presence on the urban landscape of Cairo.
How did they transform the monumental topography of Cairo?
On which parts of the city was Mamluk patronage activity focused?
We will learn about architectural innovations in Cairo through one main case study, the construction of the Sultan Hasan complex.
How did the waqf system become a tool for the Mamluk elite to display their piety to the public and also to protect their wealth.
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âThe Madrasa-Mosque Complex of Sultan Hasan and the Mamluk System of Charitable Endowments.â Lesson 15-16/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lesson 14: A Cross Cultural Aesthetic
The fourteenth lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson explores the wider question of architectural style, the choices made in architecture, and its relationship to political ideology. It will also explore the architectural exchange exhibited between Peter the Just, also known as Pedro the Cruel, and Muhammad V in their respective palaces and is intended to complicate the idea that particular kinds of architectural styles are confined to particular religions, whether it be Judaism, Islam, or Christianity.
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âA Cross Cultural Aesthetic.â Lesson 14/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lesson 17: The Mosque Complex of Sultan SĂŒleyman
The seventeenth lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. In this lesson, by way of focusing on a single monument, namely the SĂŒleymaniye mosque complex in Istanbul (1550s) commissioned by Sultan Suleyman (r. 1520-66) from his Chief Court Architect Mimar Sinan, we will discuss 16th century Ottoman architectural culture and practices.
In which ways were elements from the Roman-Byzantine and Italian Renaissance architectural traditions selectively integrated into the Ottoman architectural idiom?
How did the Ottoman sultanic mosques of Constantinople/Istanbul make direct references to the international prestige of the cityâs premier 6th century Byzantine church, Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya, now functioning as the leading Friday mosque of their new capital)?
How does the SĂŒleymaniye complex differ from the Hagia Sophia and previous Ottoman mosques in terms of spatiality, scale, materiality, and ornament? What are the novelties of mosques designed by Sinan, who served as the Ottoman chief court architect for half a century (between 1539 and 1588) during the reigns of three sultans (Suleyman I, Selim II, Murad II)?
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. â The Mosque Complex of Sultan SĂŒleyman.â Lesson 17/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lesson 02: Umayyad and Late Antique Architecture
The second lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson covers the late Ummayad Dynasty and early mosque architecture.

Lesson 05: New Abbasid Cities Baghdad and Samarra
The fifth lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson covers the Abbasid Dynasty and the cities of Baghdad and Samarra.
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âNew Abbasid Cities Baghdad and Samarra .â Lesson 5/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lesson 18: Chief Court Architect Sinan and His Autobiography
The eighteenth lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson explores: What does the term âdecorumâ mean when it is applied to architecture?
In what ways was architectural decorum informed social and territorial hierarchies in the Ottoman empire?
How did a sultanic mosque differ from a mosque commissioned by a queen, princess or a vizier in terms of its architectural layout and features?
What were the innovations Sinan introduce into the Ottoman architectural idiom?
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âChief Court Architect Sinan and His Autobiography.â Lesson 18/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lesson 19: Isfahan under Shah Abbas
The nineteenth lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson explores the development of the Safavid empire, which reached its apex in the capital city of Isfahan. The city as a global metropolis is characterized by its economic growth, cultural efflorescence, and social diversity. Throughout this lesson we will explore how it was that the city evolved, as well as how it embodied ideas about the ruler, the state, and society, in addition to cultivating an economic upsurge.
What is the story that the city is telling us about the Safavid elite and its relationship to this multi-ethnic, multi-confessional population?
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âIsfahan under Shah Abbas.â Lesson 13/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lesson 20A: International Trade and the Kingâs Silk Monopoly Part One
*The twentieth lesson (part 1 of 2) in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson explores the architectural and social formation of Safavid Isfahan that was shaped by the political and economic aims of Shah ÊżAbbas and his successors and the sociopolitical reorganization shared in the alliances and competitions among vested groups. This included a royal monopoly in the silk trade, and their Armenian and European facilitators, as well as the âcapitalistâ ventures of the new mercantile communities that engaged in longâdistance trade.
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âInternational Trade and the Kingâs Silk Monopoly Part One.â Lesson 20A/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.*

Lesson 20B: International Trade and the Kingâs Silk Monopoly Part Two
The twentieth lesson (part 2 of 2) in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson explores the architectural and social formation of Safavid Isfahan that was shaped by the political and economic aims of Shah ÊżAbbas and his successors and the sociopolitical reorganization shared in the alliances and competitions among vested groups. This included a royal monopoly in the silk trade, and their Armenian and European facilitators, as well as the âcapitalistâ ventures of the new mercantile communities that engaged in longâdistance trade.
Citation
Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. âInternational Trade and the Kingâs Silk Monopoly Part Two.â Lesson 20B/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019.

Lesson 08: Fatimid Cairo Ceremonial in the City
The eighth lesson in a 22 lesson course on Monuments of Islamic Architecture developed by Professors Gulru Necipoglu and David Roxburgh at the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. This lesson addresses the ways in which the city of Cairo changed over time in response to new conditions.
How did shifting political and economic realities influence architecture and patronage?
How did the failure to convert the Sunni population to Ismaâili Shiâism impact Fatimid architecture?
How was it that the city of Cairo and Fustat were yoked together as a locus for court ceremony?