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This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers the whole of the OCR A level chemistry specification sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.2. Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet and a lesson plan. Answers to all exercises are provided. Three of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. This bundle is the first in a series covering the OCR AS Chemistry specification and relates to the following sections: Module 2 – Foundations in chemistry / Part 1 – Atoms and reactions 2.1.1 – Atomic structure and isotopes and 2.1.2 – Formulae and equations Content covered The Changing Atom • How Science Works - HSW7 - The changing accepted models of atomic structure over time. • The contributions of five scientists to the development of the theory of atomic structure. Atomic structure • Protons, neutrons and electrons – mass and relative charge • Atomic number and mass number • Isotopes • Key definitions Atomic masses • Relative masses - comparison of masses to carbon-12 • Calculating relative atomic mass from the masses and abundances of the isotopes • Mass spectrometry and its use in the above • Calculating relative molecular and relative formula masses from formulae • Key definitions of relative atomic mass and relative isotopic mass Formulae and Equations • Formulae of ions • Predicting ionic charges from the Periodic Table • Writing the formulae of ionic compounds and elements • Writing and balancing equations • Common types of reaction and their equations Links Next lesson – free resource: Topic 5 – Amount of substance and the mole /teaching-resource/amount-and-moles-ocr-as-chemistry-12190652 Next bundle - Moles, masses, concentrations, gas volumes and reactions (covers whole of OCR section 2.1.3) /teaching-resource/moles-masses-concentrations-gas-volumes-and-reactions-12404451

This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers the history of the periodic table, the features of the modern periodic table and periodicity, the periodicity of ionisation energies and melting points and the properties of group 2 elements and compounds. It includes all of the OCR A level chemistry specification sections 3.1.1 and 3.1.2. Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet. Answers to all exercises are provided. Some of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. This bundle is part of a series covering the OCR AS Chemistry specification and relates to the following sections: Module 3 – The Periodic table and energy Part 1 –The Periodic Table 3.1.1 Periodicity and 3.1.2 Group 2 Content covered: Periodic table past and present • The history of the periodic table, including Newlands’ and Mendeleev’s contributions • The structure of the modern periodic table – periods, groups and blocks • Relationship between electron configuration and the periodic table • Periodicity – the variation in properties when plotted against atomic number • Periodicity and metallic character • Metal and non-metals **Periodicity of ionisation energies and melting points ** • First ionisation energy – definition • Factors affecting ionisation energies: nuclear charge, atomic radius and shielding • Explanation of shielding • Successive ionisation energies • Predicting group from successive ionisation energies • Periodicity of first ionisation energies • Trends across a period and down a group • Explanations of small decreases from group 2 to group 3 and from group 5 to group 6 • Periodicity of structure of elements: giant metallic, giant covalent and simple molecular structures • Periodicity of melting points and explanation in terms of structure. Group 2 • Structure and physical properties of group 2 elements • Electron configuration and formation of ions • First ionisation enthalpy and reactivity • Redox reactions of group 2 metals with oxygen, water and acids • Properties of group 2 compounds • Group 2 oxides and hydroxides – reactions with acids • Group 2 oxides – reaction with water • Solubility and alkalinity of group 2 hydroxides • Reactions of group 2 carbonates with acid • Uses of group 2 compounds Links Next lesson: Topic 24 – group 7 /teaching-resource/the-halogens-ocr-as-chemistry-13125529

This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers all of the OCR A level chemistry specification sections 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 − reaction rates and chemical equilibrium. The topics covered are measuring reaction rates, collision theory, factors affecting rates of reaction, dynamic equilibrium, le Chatelier’s principle, factors affecting position of equilibrium, industrial chemical processes and the equilibrium constant Kc. Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet. Answers to all exercises are provided. Some of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. This bundle is part of a series covering the OCR AS Chemistry specification and relates to the following section: Module 3 – Periodic table and energy Part 2 – Physical chemistry - 3.2.2 Reaction rates and 3.2.3 Chemical equilibrium Content covered: Measuring rate of reaction • Gradients • Definition , calculation and units of rate of reaction • Measuring rate of reaction experimentally using volume of gas, loss of mass or change in concentration • Determining rate from a graph of concentration (or gas volume or mass loss) against time using tangents • Smooth curve versus dot-to-dot Collision theory and factors affecting rate of reaction • Factors affecting rate of reaction • The collision theory of reactions • Activation energy and enthalpy profile diagrams • Effect of concentration and pressure on rate and explanation in terms of collision theory • Effect of temperature and catalysts on rate • Catalysts – how they work and their advantages • Using Boltzmann distribution curves and activation energy to explain the effect of temperature and catalysts on rate Introduction to chemical equilibrium • Static vs dynamic equilibrium • Irreversible and reversible reactions • Meaning of closed system • Examples of dynamic equilibrium and how it is reached • Definition of dynamic equilibrium • How rates vary with time (graph of rate against time) • How concentrations vary with time (graphs of concentration against time) • Position of equilibrium – illustrated by concentration-time graphs • Yield of reaction Le Chatelier’s principle and equilibrium constant Kc • Le Chatelier’s principle • Effect of changing concentration, pressure or temperature on position of equilibrium, predicted and explained using le Chatelier’s principle • Practical examples with colour changes • Effect of adding a catalyst on rate of reaction and position of equilibrium • Position of equilibrium and yield • Choice of conditions in the chemical industry - factors considered including yield, rate , costs and safety • How far, how fast? • The Haber process as example of an industrial process • The equilibrium constant Kc • The equilibrium law • Writing expressions for Kc and calculating values. Links Next lesson: – Introduction to organic chemistry (free resource) Next bundle: Basic concepts of organic chemistry /teaching-resource/basic-concepts-of-organic-chemistry-ocr-as-chemistry-12643964

This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers all of the OCR A level chemistry specification section 3.2.1 − enthalpy changes. The energetics topics covered are enthalpy changes, experimental determination of enthalpy changes, bond enthalpies and Hess’ Law. Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet. Answers to all exercises are provided. Some of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. This bundle is part of a series covering the OCR AS Chemistry specification and relates to the following section: Module 3 – Periodic table and energy / Part 2 – Physical chemistry / 3.2.1 Enthalpy changes Content covered: Enthalpy changes • What is enthalpy • Law of conservation of energy • Enthalpy change • Enthalpy profile diagrams • System and surroundings • Exothermic and endothermic reactions and examples • Activation energy • Standard enthalpy changes • Standard conditions • Definitions of enthalpy changes • Simple calculations involving enthalpy changes Experimental determination of enthalpy changes • Energy exchange with the surroundings - heat loss in a chemical system = heat gain by surroundings • Temperature scales • Determining enthalpy changes using calorimetry • Calculations involving q = mc∆T . • Determining enthalpy changes in solution • Determining enthalpy of combustion • Errors associated with calorimetry experiments and how to minimise them • Cooling curves and how to find the temperature rise • Thermometric titration Bond enthalpies • Making covalent bonds (exothermic) and breaking covalent bonds (endothermic) • Overall enthalpy change linked to relative enthalpies of breaking and making bonds – enthalpy profile diagram • Average bond enthalpies and why they differ from actual bond enthalpies • Factors affecting average bond enthalpies • Calculations involving bond enthalpies • Limitations of bond enthalpy calculations • Plenary discussion about why there is a constant increase in the enthalpy change of combustion of alcohols for each CH2 group added Hess’ Law • Hess’ Law • Indirect determination of enthalpy changes • Enthalpy cycles • Calculating enthalpy changes from enthalpy changes of combustion • Calculating enthalpy changes from enthalpy changes of formation • Summary of types of enthalpy calculation • Calculating enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy cycles Links Next lesson: Topic 29 – Rates of reaction and collision theory (in preparation) Free resource - standard form, decimal places and significant figures /teaching-resource/resource-12405507

This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers the history of the periodic table, the features of the modern periodic table, the periodicity of ionisation energies and melting points as well as the properties of group 2 elements and compounds, the halogens and their compounds and qualitative analysis. It includes all of the OCR A level chemistry specification section 3.1. Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet. Answers to all exercises are provided. Some of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. This bundle is part of a series covering the OCR AS Chemistry specification and relates to the following sections: Module 3 – The Periodic table and energy Part 1 –The Periodic Table 3.1.1 Periodicity 3.1.2 Group 2 3.1.3 The halogens 3.1.4 Qualitative analysis Content covered: Periodic table past and present • The history of the periodic table, including Newlands’ and Mendeleev’s contributions • The structure of the modern periodic table – periods, groups and blocks • Relationship between electron configuration and the periodic table • Periodicity – the variation in properties when plotted against atomic number • Periodicity and metallic character • Metal and non-metals Periodicity of ionisation energies and melting points • First ionisation energy – definition • Factors affecting ionisation energies: nuclear charge, atomic radius and shielding • Explanation of shielding • Successive ionisation energies • Predicting group from successive ionisation energies • Periodicity of first ionisation energies • Trends across a period and down a group • Explanations of small decreases from group 2 to group 3 and from group 5 to group 6 • Periodicity of structure of elements: giant metallic, giant covalent and simple molecular structures • Periodicity of melting points and explanation in terms of structure. Group 2 • Structure and physical properties of group 2 elements • Electron configuration and formation of ions • First ionisation enthalpy and reactivity • Redox reactions of group 2 metals with oxygen, water and acids • Properties of group 2 compounds • Group 2 oxides and hydroxides – reactions with acids • Group 2 oxides – reaction with water • Solubility and alkalinity of group 2 hydroxides • Reactions of group 2 carbonates with acid • Uses of group 2 compounds The halogens • Structure and physical properties of group 17 elements • Electron configuration and formation of ions • Redox reactions of halogens • Reactivity of halogens • Displacement reactions • Disproportionation reactions of the halogens, including production of bleach • Benefits and hazards of treating drinking water with chlorine • Precipitation reactions of aqueous halide ions with aqueous silver nitrate • Use of silver nitrate as a test for aqueous halide ions Qualitative analysis • Precipitation and acid-base reactions • Tests for carbon dioxide and ammonia • Tests for anions including carbonate, sulfate, chloride, bromide and iodide ions • Sequence of tests for anions, with reasons • Analysing mixtures of anions • Tests for cations – ammonium ion Links Next lesson: Topic 25 – enthalpy changes /teaching-resource/enthalpy-changes-ocr-as-chemistry-12509439 Next bundle: Enthalpy changes bundle /teaching-resource/enthalpy-changes-bundle-12608495

This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers all of the OCR A level chemistry specification section 4.1.1 – basic concepts of organic chemistry, as well as isomerism from section 4.1.3 (Alkenes). The topics covered are: introduction to organic chemistry naming hydrocarbons quiz – a question of naming alkanes functional groups – names and formulae isomerism organic reagents and types of reaction Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet. Answers to all exercises are provided. Some of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. This bundle is part of a series covering the OCR AS Chemistry specification and relates to the following sections: Module 4– Core organic chemistry Part 2 – Basic concepts and hydrocarbons 4.1.1 Basic concepts of organic chemistry (all) and 4.1.3 Alkenes (part) Content covered: Introduction to organic chemistry • Why carbon is special • Bonding in organic compounds • Different types of formulae • Types of organic compounds • Functional groups and homologous series Naming hydrocarbons • Application of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for systematically naming organic compounds • Naming alkanes and cycloalkanes • Naming branched alkanes • Naming alkenes and branched alkenes Quiz – A Question of naming alkanes Functional groups – names and formulae • Application of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for systematically naming organic compounds • Practice naming organic compounds including those with functional groups • Revision of empirical and molecular formula and how to calculate them • Formulae of compounds with functional groups Displayed formula Structural formula Skeletal formula Isomerism • Shapes of alkanes (with model building) • Definitions of structural isomers, stereoisomers, E/Z isomers and cis-trans isomers • Classification of isomers with examples • Structural isomers including chain, position and functional group isomers • Shapes of alkenes (with model building) • Restricted rotation around the C=C double bond • Stereoisomers – E/Z and cis-trans isomers • Animated illustrations of E/Z isomers • Criteria for E/Z isomerism and for cis-trans isomerism with examples and learning check • Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules for naming E/Z isomers with examples Organic reagents and types of reaction • Ways of breaking covalent bonds Homolytic fission Heterolytic fission • Types of organic reagents and their reactions Nucleophiles Electrophiles Radicals • Introduction to mechanisms • Curly arrows • Types of reaction Addition Substitution Elimination • Classification of reactions Links Next lesson: Topic 45 - Introduction to alkanes /teaching-resource/introduction-to-alkanes-ocr-as-chemistry-12654263

This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers the whole of the OCR A level chemistry specification section 2.1.3 - Amount of Substance (together with the free resource - topic 10 Percentage yield and atom economy) Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet and a lesson plan. Answers to all exercises are provided. Some of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. This bundle is the second in a series covering the OCR AS Chemistry specification and relates to the following sections: Module 2 – Foundations in chemistry Part 1 – Atoms and reactions 2.1.3 – Amount of substance Content covered Amount of substance and the mole • Relative masses and the mole • Avogadro constant • Calculating number of atoms • Amount of substance • Molar mass • Calculating amount of substance from total mass and vice versa • Mole triangle Determining formulae • Definitions and use of the terms empirical and molecular formula • Simplest whole number ratios • Calculations of empirical and molecular formulae, from composition by mass or percentage compositions by mass and relative molecular mass • Calculating % by mass from the formula • The terms anhydrous, hydrated and water of crystallisation • Calculation of the formula of a hydrated salt from given percentage composition, mass composition or based on experimental results Moles and gas volumes • Molar volume of a gas • Moles and gas volume triangle • Summary of relationships for gases between amount of substance, volume, mass and number of molecules • Calculating amount of substance from volume of gas and vice versa • Ideal gases • The ideal gas equation Moles and concentrations of solutions • Definitions and use of the terms concentration and mass concentration • Concentrated and dilute • Relationship between concentration, amount in mol and volume including concentration triangle • Calculating concentration, amount in mol, volume and mass from given data • Example calculations • Mass concentrations • Choosing the correct glassware to measure volumes • Standard solutions • Practical activity – making up a standard solution • Diluting solutions and calculations • Practical activity – diluting solutions Moles and reactions • Balanced chemical equations and stoichiometry • Molar ratios • Using molar ratio to calculate amounts in moles of reactants and products in a chemical reaction • Using molar ratio to calculate masses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction • Using molar ratio to calculate volumes of gases in a chemical reaction • Flow diagrams showing steps in calculations involving quantities of reacting substances • Example calculations – clearly illustrated in a highly visual way Percentage yield and atom economy • Introduction to Green Chemistry • Reasons why reactions do not have 100% yield • % yield and how to calculate it • Calculations of % yield involving limiting reactant • Atom economy and its importance in the sustainability of a chemical process • Calculating atom economy • Example calculations – clearly illustrated in a highly visual way • Differences between atom economy and % yield • Comparing chemical processes in terms of sustainability (using production of ethanol as an example) Links Previous bundle: Atomic structure, masses, formulae and equations /teaching-resource/atomic-masses-formulae-and-equations-ocr-as-chemistry-12348685 Next bundle Acids, titrations and redox /teaching-resource/acids-titrations-and-redox-ocr-as-chemistry-12749654 Free resource - standard form, decimal places and significant figures /teaching-resource/standard-form-decimal-places-and-significant-figures-a-level-chemistry-12405507

This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers electron configuration, ionic bonding, covalent bonding and shapes of molecules. It includes all of the OCR A level chemistry specification section 2.2.1 and part of 2.1.2. Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet. Answers to all exercises are provided. Three of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. This bundle is part of a series covering the OCR AS Chemistry specification and relates to the following sections: Module 2 – Foundations in chemistry / Part 2 – Electrons, bonding and structure 2.2.1 Electron structure and part of 2.2.2 – Bonding and structure Content covered: Electron configuration – shells, sub-shells and orbitals • Energy levels • Main shells, sub-shells and orbitals • Rules for filling orbitals • Electron configurations of atoms and ions • Deducing electron configuration using the Periodic Table • Relationship of electron configuration to the Periodic Table Ionic bonding • Bonding and the Periodic Table • Predicting ionic formulae • Definition of ionic bonding • Dot-and-cross diagrams – some of them animated • Half equations • Giant ionic lattice • Physical properties of ionic compounds including o melting point o electrical conductivity o solubility in polar and non-polar solvents Covalent bonding • Definition of a covalent bond • Single, double and triple covalent bonds • Lone pairs • How to construct dot-and-cross diagrams • Dative covalent or coordinate bonds • The Octet Rule and exceptions • Average bond enthalpies Shapes of molecules and ions • Electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) • Effect of lone pairs on shape • Model answer to exam question • How to draw simple shapes in 3D • Bond angles Links Next lesson – free resource: Topic 18 – Electronegativity and bond polarity /teaching-resource/electronegativity-and-bond-polarity-ocr-as-chemistry-12888524

This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers all of the OCR A level chemistry specification section 3.2. – physical chemistry. The topics covered are enthalpy changes, experimental determination of enthalpy changes, bond enthalpies, Hess’ Law measuring reaction rates, collision theory, factors affecting rates of reaction, dynamic equilibrium, le Chatelier’s principle, factors affecting position of equilibrium, industrial chemical processes and the equilibrium constant Kc. Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet. Answers to all exercises are provided. Some of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. This bundle is part of a series covering the OCR AS Chemistry specification and relates to the following section: Module 3 – Periodic table and energy Part 2 – Physical chemistry 3.2.1 Enthalpy changes, 3.2.2 Reaction rates and 3.2.3 Chemical equilibrium Content covered: Enthalpy changes • What is enthalpy • Law of conservation of energy • Enthalpy change • Enthalpy profile diagrams • System and surroundings • Exothermic and endothermic reactions and examples • Activation energy • Standard enthalpy changes • Standard conditions • Definitions of enthalpy changes • Simple calculations involving enthalpy changes Experimental determination of enthalpy changes • Energy exchange with the surroundings - heat loss in a chemical system = heat gain by surroundings • Temperature scales • Determining enthalpy changes using calorimetry • Calculations involving q = mc∆T . • Determining enthalpy changes in solution • Determining enthalpy of combustion • Errors associated with calorimetry experiments and how to minimise them • Cooling curves and how to find the temperature rise • Thermometric titration Bond enthalpies • Making covalent bonds (exothermic) and breaking covalent bonds (endothermic) • Overall enthalpy change linked to relative enthalpies of breaking and making bonds – enthalpy profile diagram • Average bond enthalpies and why they differ from actual bond enthalpies • Factors affecting average bond enthalpies • Calculations involving bond enthalpies • Limitations of bond enthalpy calculations • Plenary discussion about why there is a constant increase in the enthalpy change of combustion of alcohols for each CH2 group added Hess’ Law • Hess’ Law • Indirect determination of enthalpy changes • Enthalpy cycles • Calculating enthalpy changes from enthalpy changes of combustion • Calculating enthalpy changes from enthalpy changes of formation • Summary of types of enthalpy calculation • Calculating enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy cycles Measuring rate of reaction • Gradients • Definition , calculation and units of rate of reaction • Measuring rate of reaction experimentally using volume of gas, loss of mass or change in concentration • Determining rate from a graph of concentration (or gas volume or mass loss) against time using tangents • Smooth curve versus dot-to-dot Collision theory and factors affecting rate of reaction • Factors affecting rate of reaction • The collision theory of reactions • Activation energy and enthalpy profile diagrams • Effect of concentration and pressure on rate and explanation in terms of collision theory • Effect of temperature and catalysts on rate • Catalysts – how they work and their advantages • Using Boltzmann distribution curves and activation energy to explain the effect of temperature and catalysts on rate Introduction to chemical equilibrium • Static vs dynamic equilibrium • Irreversible and reversible reactions • Meaning of closed system • Examples of dynamic equilibrium and how it is reached • Definition of dynamic equilibrium • How rates vary with time (graph of rate against time) • How concentrations vary with time (graphs of concentration against time) • Position of equilibrium – illustrated by concentration-time graphs • Yield of reaction Le Chatelier’s principle and equilibrium constant Kc • Le Chatelier’s principle • Effect of changing concentration, pressure or temperature on position of equilibrium, predicted and explained using le Chatelier’s principle • Practical examples with colour changes • Effect of adding a catalyst on rate of reaction and position of equilibrium • Position of equilibrium and yield • Choice of conditions in the chemical industry - factors considered including yield, rate , costs and safety • How far, how fast? • The Haber process as example of an industrial process • The equilibrium constant Kc • The equilibrium law • Writing expressions for Kc and calculating values. Links Next lesson: – Introduction to organic chemistry (free resource) Next bundle: Basic concepts of organic chemistry /teaching-resource/basic-concepts-of-organic-chemistry-ocr-as-chemistry-12643964

This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers electron configuration, ionic bonding, covalent bonding, shapes of molecules, electronegativity and bond polarity, intermolecular forces, structure and bonding. It includes all of the OCR A level chemistry specification section 2.2, as well as part of 3.1.1. Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet. Answers to all exercises are provided. Some of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. This bundle is part of a series covering the OCR AS Chemistry specification and relates to the following sections: Module 2 – Foundations in chemistry / Part 2 – Electrons, bonding and structure 2.2.1 Electron structure and 2.2.2 Bonding and structure Module 3 – The Periodic table and energy / Part 1 –The Periodic Table 3.1.1 (Periodicity) Content covered: Electron configuration - shells, sub-shells and orbitals • Energy levels • Main shells, sub-shells and orbitals • Rules for filling orbitals • Electron configurations of atoms and ions • Deducing electron configuration using the Periodic Table • Relationship of electron configuration to the Periodic Table Ionic bonding • Bonding and the Periodic Table • Predicting ionic formulae • Definition of ionic bonding • Dot-and-cross diagrams – some of them animated • Half equations • Giant ionic lattice • Physical properties of ionic compounds including: • melting point • electrical conductivity • solubility in polar and non-polar solvents Covalent bonding • Definition of a covalent bond • Single, double and triple covalent bonds • Lone pairs • How to construct dot-and-cross diagrams • Dative covalent or coordinate bonds • The Octet Rule and exceptions • Average bond enthalpies Shapes of molecules and ions • Electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) • Effect of lone pairs on shape • Model answer to exam question • How to draw simple shapes in 3D • Bond angles Electronegativity and bond polarity • Definition of electronegativity • Atomic core and calculation of core charge • Factors affecting electronegativity • Pauling scale of electronegativity • Electronegativity and bond polarity • Non-polar and polar covalent bonds • Electronegativity and bonding type (including intermediate bonding) • Polarity of molecules from the bond polarities and the molecular shape • Predicting whether a molecule will have an overall dipole from its symmetry Intermolecular forces • What are intermolecular forces? • Strengths of bonds and intermolecular forces • Types of intermolecular forces • Induced dipole-dipole interactions (London (dispersion) forces) • How London forces arise • Factors affecting strength of London forces • Permanent dipole-dipole interactions • How permanent dipole-dipole interactions arise • How intermolecular forces affect properties • Hydrogen bonding • What’s special about hydrogen bonds • Effects of hydrogen bonds on properties • Special properties of water • Summary of intermolecular forces • Predicting the type of intermolecular forces Structure and bonding • Factors influencing physical properties • The way the atoms/ions are grouped together (structure) • The type of particles the solid is built up from • The bonds or forces holding these particles together • Structure and physical properties of ionic compounds (see also topic 15) • Structures and physical properties of covalent substances including giant covalent and simple molecular • Diamond and graphite – structures and properties • Graphene • Metallic bonding, structure and physical properties • Summary of types of bonding • Jigsaw discussion to summarise 4 main types of structure and their properties Links Next lesson – free resource: Topic 21 – the Periodic Table past and present /teaching-resource/periodic-table-past-and-present-ocr-as-chemistry-12964450

This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers all of the OCR A level chemistry specification module 3. – periodic table and energy. The topics covered are the history of the periodic table, the features of the modern periodic table, the periodicity of ionisation energies and melting points, the properties of group 2 elements and compounds, the halogens and their compounds, qualitative analysis, enthalpy changes, experimental determination of enthalpy changes, bond enthalpies, Hess’ Law, measuring reaction rates, collision theory, factors affecting rates of reaction, dynamic equilibrium, le Chatelier’s principle, factors affecting position of equilibrium, industrial chemical processes and the equilibrium constant Kc. Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet. Answers to all exercises are provided. Some of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. This bundle is part of a series covering the OCR AS Chemistry specification and relates to the following section: Module 3 – Periodic table and energy (all) Part 1 – The periodic table 3.1.1 Periodicity 3.1.2 Group 2 3.1.3 The halogens 3.1.4 Qualitative analysis Part 2 Physical chemistry 3.2.1 Enthalpy changes 3.2.2 Reaction rates 3.2.3 Chemical equilibrium Content covered: Periodic table past and present • The history of the periodic table, including Newlands’ and Mendeleev’s contributions • The structure of the modern periodic table – periods, groups and blocks • Relationship between electron configuration and the periodic table • Periodicity – the variation in properties when plotted against atomic number • Periodicity and metallic character • Metal and non-metals Periodicity of ionisation energies and melting point • First ionisation energy – definition • Factors affecting ionisation energies: nuclear charge, atomic radius and shielding • Explanation of shielding • Successive ionisation energies • Predicting group from successive ionisation energies • Periodicity of first ionisation energies • Trends across a period and down a group • Explanations of small decreases from group 2 to group 3 and from group 5 to group 6 • Periodicity of structure of elements: giant metallic, giant covalent and simple molecular structures • Periodicity of melting points and explanation in terms of structure. Group 2 • Structure and physical properties of group 2 elements • Electron configuration and formation of ions • First ionisation enthalpy and reactivity • Redox reactions of group 2 metals with oxygen, water and acids • Properties of group 2 compounds • Group 2 oxides and hydroxides – reactions with acids • Group 2 oxides – reaction with water • Solubility and alkalinity of group 2 hydroxides • Reactions of group 2 carbonates with acid • Uses of group 2 compounds The halogens • Structure and physical properties of group 17 elements • Electron configuration and formation of ions • Redox reactions of halogens • Reactivity of halogens • Displacement reactions • Disproportionation reactions of the halogens, including production of bleach • Benefits and hazards of treating drinking water with chlorine • Precipitation reactions of aqueous halide ions with aqueous silver nitrate • Use of silver nitrate as a test for aqueous halide ions Qualitative analysis • Precipitation and acid-base reactions • Tests for carbon dioxide and ammonia • Tests for anions including carbonate, sulfate, chloride, bromide and iodide ions • Sequence of tests for anions, with reasons • Analysing mixtures of anions • Tests for cations – ammonium ion Enthalpy changes • What is enthalpy • Law of conservation of energy • Enthalpy change • Enthalpy profile diagrams • System and surroundings • Exothermic and endothermic reactions and examples • Activation energy • Standard enthalpy changes • Standard conditions • Definitions of enthalpy changes • Simple calculations involving enthalpy changes Experimental determination of enthalpy changes • Energy exchange with the surroundings - heat loss in a chemical system = heat gain by surroundings • Temperature scales • Determining enthalpy changes using calorimetry • Calculations involving q = mc∆T . • Determining enthalpy changes in solution • Determining enthalpy of combustion • Errors associated with calorimetry experiments and how to minimise them • Cooling curves and how to find the temperature rise • Thermometric titration Bond enthalpies • Making covalent bonds (exothermic) and breaking covalent bonds (endothermic) • Overall enthalpy change linked to relative enthalpies of breaking and making bonds – enthalpy profile diagram • Average bond enthalpies and why they differ from actual bond enthalpies • Factors affecting average bond enthalpies • Calculations involving bond enthalpies • Limitations of bond enthalpy calculations • Plenary discussion about why there is a constant increase in the enthalpy change of combustion of alcohols for each CH2 group added Hess’ Law • Hess’ Law • Indirect determination of enthalpy changes • Enthalpy cycles • Calculating enthalpy changes from enthalpy changes of combustion • Calculating enthalpy changes from enthalpy changes of formation • Summary of types of enthalpy calculation • Calculating enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy cycles Measuring rate of reaction • Gradients • Definition , calculation and units of rate of reaction • Measuring rate of reaction experimentally using volume of gas, loss of mass or change in concentration • Determining rate from a graph of concentration (or gas volume or mass loss) against time using tangents • Smooth curve versus dot-to-dot Collision theory and factors affecting rate of reaction • Factors affecting rate of reaction • The collision theory of reactions • Activation energy and enthalpy profile diagrams • Effect of concentration and pressure on rate and explanation in terms of collision theory • Effect of temperature and catalysts on rate • Catalysts – how they work and their advantages • Using Boltzmann distribution curves and activation energy to explain the effect of temperature and catalysts on rate Introduction to chemical equilibrium • Static vs dynamic equilibrium • Irreversible and reversible reactions • Meaning of closed system • Examples of dynamic equilibrium and how it is reached • Definition of dynamic equilibrium • How rates vary with time (graph of rate against time) • How concentrations vary with time (graphs of concentration against time) • Position of equilibrium – illustrated by concentration-time graphs • Yield of reaction Le Chatelier’s principle and equilibrium constant Kc • Le Chatelier’s principle • Effect of changing concentration, pressure or temperature on position of equilibrium, predicted and explained using le Chatelier’s principle • Practical examples with colour changes • Effect of adding a catalyst on rate of reaction and position of equilibrium • Position of equilibrium and yield • Choice of conditions in the chemical industry - factors considered including yield, rate , costs and safety • How far, how fast? • The Haber process as example of an industrial process • The equilibrium constant Kc • The equilibrium law • Writing expressions for Kc and calculating values. Links Next lesson: – Introduction to organic chemistry (free resource) Next bundle: Basic concepts of organic chemistry /teaching-resource/basic-concepts-of-organic-chemistry-ocr-as-chemistry-12643964

This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers the whole of the OCR A level chemistry specification sections 2.1 - Atoms and Reactions Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet and a lesson plan. Answers to all exercises are provided. Some of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. A practical activity on titration is also included. This bundle relates to the following sections of the OCR AS Chemistry specification: Module 2 – Foundations in chemistry Part 1 – Atoms and reactions (whole) 2.1.1 – Atomic structure and isotopes 2.1.2 – Compounds, formulae and equations 2.1.3 – Amount of substance 2.1.4 – Acids 2.1.5 − Redox Content covered: The changing atom How Science Works - HSW7 - The changing accepted models of atomic structure over time. The contributions of five scientists to the development of the theory of atomic structure. Atomic structure • Protons, neutrons and electrons – mass and relative charge • Atomic number and mass number • Isotopes • Key definitions Atomic masses • Relative masses - comparison of masses to carbon-12 • Calculating relative atomic mass from the masses and abundances of the isotopes • Mass spectrometry and its use in the above • Calculating relative molecular and relative formula masses from formulae • Key definitions of relative atomic mass and relative isotopic mass Formulae and equations • Formulae of ions • Predicting ionic charges from the Periodic Table • Writing the formulae of ionic compounds and elements • Writing and balancing equations • Common types of reaction and their equations Amount of substance and the mole • Relative masses and the mole • Avogadro constant • Calculating number of atoms • Amount of substance • Molar mass • Calculating amount of substance from total mass and vice versa • Mole triangle Determining formulae • Definitions and use of the terms empirical and molecular formula • Simplest whole number ratios • Calculations of empirical and molecular formulae, from composition by mass or percentage compositions by mass and relative molecular mass • Calculating % by mass from the formula • The terms anhydrous, hydrated and water of crystallisation • Calculation of the formula of a hydrated salt from given percentage composition, mass composition or based on experimental results Moles and gas volumes • Molar volume of a gas • Moles and gas volume triangle • Summary of relationships for gases between amount of substance, volume, mass and number of molecules • Calculating amount of substance from volume of gas and vice versa • Ideal gases • The ideal gas equation Moles and concentrations of solutions • Definitions and use of the terms concentration and mass concentration • Concentrated and dilute • Relationship between concentration, amount in mol and volume including concentration triangle • Calculating concentration, amount in mol, volume and mass from given data • Example calculations • Mass concentrations • Choosing the correct glassware to measure volumes • Standard solutions • Practical activity – making up a standard solution • Diluting solutions and calculations • Practical activity – diluting solutions Moles and reactions • Balanced chemical equations and stoichiometry • Molar ratios • Using molar ratio to calculate amounts in moles of reactants and products in a chemical reaction • Using molar ratio to calculate masses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction • Using molar ratio to calculate volumes of gases in a chemical reaction • Flow diagrams showing steps in calculations involving quantities of reacting substances • Example calculations – clearly illustrated in a highly visual way Percentage yield and atom economy • Introduction to Green Chemistry • Reasons why reactions do not have 100% yield • % yield and how to calculate it • Calculations of % yield involving limiting reactant • Atom economy and its importance in the sustainability of a chemical process • Calculating atom economy • Example calculations – clearly illustrated in a highly visual way • Differences between atom economy and % yield • Comparing chemical processes in terms of sustainability (using production of ethanol as an example) Acids and bases • Definitions of acid, base, alkali and salt • Formulae of acids, bases, alkalis and salts • The relationship between bases and alkalis • The pH scale • Everyday examples of acids and bases • Weak and strong acids • Diprotic acids • Writing and balancing neutralization reactions (including acid-carbonate reactions) • Ionic equations Acid-base titrations • Titration and uses • Standard solution • Glassware and procedure for titration with detailed hints for technique • Reading burette • Recording titration results and calculating the mean • Titration calculations • Examples of structured and unstructured calculations • Revision of calculations involving masses and volumes • Practical titration activity • Evaluation of titration experiment • Uncertainties and calculating % uncertainties • Procedural errors Redox • Redox definition in terms of electron transfer • Oxidation numbers and how to calculate them • Oxidation number in chemical names • Redox definition in terms of oxidation number • Using oxidation numbers to identify redox reactions and determine what has been oxidised and reduced • Oxidising and reducing agents • Disproportionation as oxidation and reduction of the same element Links Next bundle: Electrons and bonding /teaching-resource/electrons-and-bonding-ocr-as-chemistry-12605443 Next topic Topic 14 – Electron configuration – shells, sub-shells and orbitals /teaching-resource/electron-configuration-shells-sub-shells-and-orbitals-ocr-as-chemistry-12207312

This bundle is ideal for classroom or home learning and covers the whole of the OCR A level chemistry specification module 2 - Foundations in Chemistry, sections 2.1 and 2.2. Each topic includes a fully interactive PowerPoint including starter, group activities, questions and plenary along with a worksheet and a lesson plan. Answers to all exercises are provided. Some of the resources include a PowerPoint quiz. A practical activity on titration is also included. This bundle relates to the following sections of the OCR AS Chemistry specification: Module 2 – Foundations in chemistry Part 1 – Atoms and reactions (whole) 2.1.1 – Atomic structure and isotopes 2.1.2 – Compounds, formulae and equations 2.1.3 – Amount of substance 2.1.4 – Acids 2.1.5 − Redox Part 2 – Electrons, bonding and structure (whole) 2.2.1 – Electron structure 2.2.2 – Bonding and structure Module 3 – The Periodic table and energy Part 1 –The Periodic Table (part) 3.1.1 (Periodicity) (part) Content covered: The changing atom How Science Works - HSW7 - The changing accepted models of atomic structure over time. The contributions of five scientists to the development of the theory of atomic structure. Atomic structure • Protons, neutrons and electrons – mass and relative charge • Atomic number and mass number • Isotopes • Key definitions Atomic masses • Relative masses - comparison of masses to carbon-12 • Calculating relative atomic mass from the masses and abundances of the isotopes • Mass spectrometry and its use in the above • Calculating relative molecular and relative formula masses from formulae • Key definitions of relative atomic mass and relative isotopic mass Formulae and equations • Formulae of ions • Predicting ionic charges from the Periodic Table • Writing the formulae of ionic compounds and elements • Writing and balancing equations • Common types of reaction and their equations Amount of substance and the mole • Relative masses and the mole • Avogadro constant • Calculating number of atoms • Amount of substance • Molar mass • Calculating amount of substance from total mass and vice versa • Mole triangle Determining formulae • Definitions and use of the terms empirical and molecular formula • Simplest whole number ratios • Calculations of empirical and molecular formulae, from composition by mass or percentage compositions by mass and relative molecular mass • Calculating % by mass from the formula • The terms anhydrous, hydrated and water of crystallisation • Calculation of the formula of a hydrated salt from given percentage composition, mass composition or based on experimental results Moles and gas volumes • Molar volume of a gas • Moles and gas volume triangle • Summary of relationships for gases between amount of substance, volume, mass and number of molecules • Calculating amount of substance from volume of gas and vice versa • Ideal gases • The ideal gas equation Moles, concentrations and solutions • Definitions and use of the terms concentration and mass concentration • Concentrated and dilute • Relationship between concentration, amount in mol and volume including concentration triangle • Calculating concentration, amount in mol, volume and mass from given data • Example calculations • Mass concentrations • Choosing the correct glassware to measure volumes • Standard solutions • Practical activity – making up a standard solution • Diluting solutions and calculations • Practical activity – diluting solutions Moles and reactions • Balanced chemical equations and stoichiometry • Molar ratios • Using molar ratio to calculate amounts in moles of reactants and products in a chemical reaction • Using molar ratio to calculate masses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction • Using molar ratio to calculate volumes of gases in a chemical reaction • Flow diagrams showing steps in calculations involving quantities of reacting substances • Example calculations – clearly illustrated in a highly visual way Percentage yield and atom economy • Introduction to Green Chemistry • Reasons why reactions do not have 100% yield • % yield and how to calculate it • Calculations of % yield involving limiting reactant • Atom economy and its importance in the sustainability of a chemical process • Calculating atom economy • Example calculations – clearly illustrated in a highly visual way • Differences between atom economy and % yield • Comparing chemical processes in terms of sustainability (using production of ethanol as an example) Acids and bases • Definitions of acid, base, alkali and salt • Formulae of acids, bases, alkalis and salts • The relationship between bases and alkalis • The pH scale • Everyday examples of acids and bases • Weak and strong acids • Diprotic acids • Writing and balancing neutralization reactions (including acid-carbonate reactions) • Ionic equations Acid-base titrations • Titration and uses • Standard solution • Glassware and procedure for titration with detailed hints for technique • Reading burette • Recording titration results and calculating the mean • Titration calculations • Examples of structured and unstructured calculations • Revision of calculations involving masses and volumes • Practical titration activity • Evaluation of titration experiment • Uncertainties and calculating % uncertainties • Procedural errors Redox • Redox definition in terms of electron transfer • Oxidation numbers and how to calculate them • Oxidation number in chemical names • Redox definition in terms of oxidation number • Using oxidation numbers to identify redox reactions and determine what has been oxidised and reduced • Oxidising and reducing agents • Disproportionation as oxidation and reduction of the same element Electron configuration - shells, sub-shells and orbitals • Energy levels • Main shells, sub-shells and orbitals • Rules for filling orbitals • Electron configurations of atoms and ions • Deducing electron configuration using the Periodic Table • Relationship of electron configuration to the Periodic Table Ionic bonding • Bonding and the Periodic Table • Predicting ionic formulae • Definition of ionic bonding • Dot-and-cross diagrams – some of them animated • Half equations • Giant ionic lattice • Physical properties of ionic compounds including: • melting point • electrical conductivity • solubility in polar and non-polar solvents Covalent bonding • Definition of a covalent bond • Single, double and triple covalent bonds • Lone pairs • How to construct dot-and-cross diagrams • Dative covalent or coordinate bonds • The Octet Rule and exceptions • Average bond enthalpies Shapes of molecules and ions • Electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) • Effect of lone pairs on shape • Model answer to exam question • How to draw simple shapes in 3D • Bond angles Electronegativity and bond polarity • Definition of electronegativity • Atomic core and calculation of core charge • Factors affecting electronegativity • Pauling scale of electronegativity • Electronegativity and bond polarity • Non-polar and polar covalent bonds • Electronegativity and bonding type (including intermediate bonding) • Polarity of molecules from the bond polarities and the molecular shape • Predicting whether a molecule will have an overall dipole from its symmetry Intermolecular forces • What are intermolecular forces? • Strengths of bonds and intermolecular forces • Types of intermolecular forces • Induced dipole-dipole interactions (London (dispersion) forces) • How London forces arise • Factors affecting strength of London forces • Permanent dipole-dipole interactions • How permanent dipole-dipole interactions arise • How intermolecular forces affect properties • Hydrogen bonding • What’s special about hydrogen bonds • Effects of hydrogen bonds on properties • Special properties of water • Summary of intermolecular forces • Predicting the type of intermolecular forces Structure and bonding • Factors influencing physical properties • The way the atoms/ions are grouped together (structure) • The type of particles the solid is built up from • The bonds or forces holding these particles together • Structure and physical properties of ionic compounds (see also topic 15) • Structures and physical properties of covalent substances including giant covalent and simple molecular • Diamond and graphite – structures and properties • Graphene • Metallic bonding, structure and physical properties • Summary of types of bonding • Jigsaw discussion to summarise 4 main types of structure and their properties Links Next lesson – free resource: Topic 21 – the Periodic Table past and present http://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/periodic-table-past-and-present-ocr-as-chemistry-12964450